Trauma leaves lasting marks on the body, altering genetic material in ways that persist for generations. A new study uncovers how stress-related genetic changes can be inherited, increasing susceptibility to anxiety and depression.
An international team of researchers found physical evidence of intergenerational trauma in humans. Their findings explain why people with a family history of adversity often struggle with mental health. This holds true even if they never experienced the trauma themselves.
STUDYING WAR-AFFECTED FAMILIES
The researchers analyzed DNA from 48 Syrian families spanning three generations. These families included grandmothers or mothers who fled the 1982 Hama massacre or the 2011 Syrian uprising while pregnant.
Scientists collected cheek swabs from 131 individuals living in Jordan. They examined epigenetic changes—chemical modifications that affect gene function without altering the DNA sequence.
“The families want their story told. They want their experiences heard,” said Connie Mulligan, an anthropologist at the University of Florida and lead researcher of the study.
TRAUMA’S GENETIC FOOTPRINT
Families who escaped Syria before 1980 served as a control group. The results revealed 14 areas of the genome with modifications linked to violence. Among them, eight changes were present in grandchildren who never directly experienced war.
The researchers also observed signs of accelerated epigenetic aging, which could raise the risk of age-related diseases. Additionally, 21 genome areas showed signs of stress-related changes from the Syrian civil war.
These findings suggest conflict-induced stress caused chemical modifications in genes, which were consistent among survivors and their descendants.
GENERATIONAL IMPACT OF VIOLENCE
Earlier research documented similar epigenetic changes in animals. Nonetheless, this study provides strong evidence that human trauma can leave genetic marks passed through generations.
The study did not determine how these genetic changes impact individuals’ health. Nonetheless, researchers noted the remarkable perseverance of affected families.
“In the midst of all this violence, we can still celebrate their extraordinary resilience. They are living fulfilling, productive lives, carrying on traditions,” said Mulligan.
UNDERSTANDING THE BROADER IMPLICATIONS
The study suggests that different forms of violence—such as domestic abuse, sexual violence, and gun violence—may have similar long-term genetic effects.
“The idea that trauma can affect future generations should encourage empathy and push policymakers to address violence,” Mulligan added.
“It may also explain persistent cycles of poverty, abuse, and trauma worldwide, including in the U.S.”
The findings underscore how trauma’s effects extend far beyond those directly involved. Addressing violence isn’t just about the present—it’s about protecting future generations.
