New research suggests that poor cardiovascular health in childhood may lead to changes in brain structure, potentially increasing dementia risks later in life. This groundbreaking study sheds light on the importance of heart health from an early age.
Obesity, high blood pressure, and physical inactivity are established risk factors for dementia in middle age. Yet, little research has explored how these factors impact brain health earlier in life. This study seeks to bridge that gap.
RESEARCH OVERVIEW: KEY FINDINGS
The University of Oxford’s Department of Psychiatry, in collaboration with University College London, analyzed data from over 860 children and adolescents aged 7 to 17. This data included brain scans, activity levels, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI). The analysis considered links to dementia risk.
IMPACT OF BMI, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND ACTIVITY ON BRAIN STRUCTURE
The study found that higher BMI and elevated blood pressure in adolescence were linked to brain structure changes in young adulthood. Lower physical activity levels contributed to these changes, potentially impacting dementia risk. These structural changes were notably present in areas of the brain connected to memory and thinking.
BRAIN REGIONS AFFECTED BY POOR CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH
The changes in brain structure primarily affected grey matter, particularly in regions responsible for cognitive function, potentially linking early cardiovascular health to dementia.
HOLLY HAINES ON EARLY CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH
Holly Haines, the lead author, emphasized that the study highlights the significance of cardiovascular health much earlier than previously believed. “Our research shows that cardiovascular health in early life may already impact brain regions linked to dementia,” she stated.
GREY MATTER CHANGES LINKED TO CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS
The study specifically noted differences in grey matter thickness and surface area in individuals with poorer cardiovascular health during adolescence. These differences align with areas impacted by dementia in later years.
POTENTIAL FOR EARLY DEMENTIA PREVENTION
This study could lead to earlier interventions to reduce dementia risk. These interventions could address lifestyle factors such as obesity and exercise. Nevertheless, further research is needed to confirm these findings in a more diverse group of participants.
Co-author Associate Professor Sana Suri highlighted the need for a shift in how we think about dementia prevention. She urged that the early adolescent years should be prioritized in dementia prevention efforts. She emphasized the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors well before middle age.
David Thomas, Head of Policy and Public Affairs at Alzheimer’s Research UK, noted the importance of heart health during adolescence. “Not caring for our hearts in early life may lead to brain changes that influence dementia risk,” he explained.
Thomas further emphasized that up to 45% of dementia cases could be prevented. This is possible by addressing modifiable risk factors like physical inactivity and smoking. These habits are often formed in adolescence without full awareness of their long-term impact.
