Sloth fever, a highly contagious and dangerous disease, has recently emerged as a major health concern across Europe and the United States. The virus, identified in over 20 individuals returning from Cuba, is causing alarm due to its rapid spread. Health authorities are actively investigating the nature and transmission of this infection. Here’s what you need to know about sloth fever and how to protect yourself.
WHAT IS SLOTH FEVER?
Sloth fever is caused by the Oropouche virus, which is primarily transmitted to humans through bites from infected biting midges and, occasionally, mosquitoes. This virus is known for causing symptoms that can reoccur and lack specific treatments or vaccines.
SYMPTOMS OF OROPOUCHE VIRUS
- Sudden onset of fever
- Severe headache
- Chills
- Muscle and joint pain
- Sensitivity to light
- Dizziness
- Pain behind the eyes
- Nausea and vomiting
- Rash
Typically, symptoms last between 2 to 7 days but can reoccur days or weeks later. Most individuals recover within several days to a month. However, in rare cases (fewer than 5% of those infected), the virus can lead to more severe conditions such as meningitis, encephalitis, or bleeding, with death being an uncommon outcome.
SPREAD AND CAUSES
Oropouche virus is mainly spread through bites from infected biting midges (Culicoides paraensis), also known as “no-see-ums.” Some mosquitoes can also transmit the virus. The virus has been present in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean, with notable outbreaks reported in Brazil, Panama, Peru, and recently in Cuba (June 2024). The U.S. has not yet reported native cases, but travellers returning from affected regions may be at risk.
PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
There are currently no vaccines or specific medications to prevent or treat Oropouche virus. The best prevention strategy is to avoid bites from midges and mosquitoes. Use insect repellent, wear long sleeves and pants, and ensure your living area is protected from these insects.
TESTING AND DIAGNOSIS
If you exhibit symptoms and have recently travelled to areas where Oropouche virus is known to occur or where outbreaks are reported, consult a healthcare provider. Inform them of your travel history so they can order appropriate laboratory tests for diagnosis.
TREATMENT AND CARE
Treatment for Oropouche fever focuses on relieving symptoms. This includes:
- Rest
- Hydration
- Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen to manage fever and pain
Avoid aspirin and other NSAIDs until dengue fever can be ruled out, as these can increase bleeding risks. Severe cases may require additional medical care or hospitalization.
Sloth fever, linked to the Oropouche virus, presents a significant health risk, especially in areas experiencing outbreaks. By understanding the symptoms, transmission, and prevention methods, you can better protect yourself and others from this emerging disease. Stay informed and vigilant, especially if you are travelling to affected regions.
