Fifty years after the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) came into force, a new analysis led by University of Oxford researchers highlights critical shortcomings in the treaty’s current approach to wildlife trade. While CITES has played a key role in protecting over 40,000 species, it has not effectively curbed illegal trade. The framework also struggles with extraction control.
This research, published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, calls for reforms to address these flaws. It aims to ensure sustainable and legal wildlife trade practices moving forward.
CITES was designed to regulate the international trade of endangered species, ensuring their conservation for future generations. It provides legal protections to several animal and plant species. These species are at risk of extinction due to overexploitation. Illegal trade also contributes to their endangerment. Billions of people worldwide rely on these species for food security. Their income and livelihoods depend on them. Thus, the success of CITES is crucial. Yet, despite its long-standing role, the convention’s ability to prevent illegal trade has come under scrutiny.
CRITICAL FLAWS IN THE CURRENT CITES APPROACH
The Oxford researchers critically examined CITES and questioned whether it is fulfilling its purpose. Their analysis revealed several key flaws in the treaty’s current framework, most notably its over-reliance on state-led law enforcement. State enforcement does play a role. Although, the study found this approach inadequate for many species. This is especially true in regions with limited resources. The exclusion of socio-economic factors from decision-making further compounds the issue, leaving wildlife trade systems vulnerable to illegal activities.
Illegal wildlife trade, affecting thousands of CITES-listed species, remains rampant in over 160 countries. Despite growing awareness of overexploitation, CITES has struggled to deter illegal wildlife trade, particularly in regions where governance is weak.
A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR CITES: TAILORED SOLUTIONS
The researchers responded to these findings with a new decision-making framework for CITES. This framework goes beyond traditional state-led law enforcement. This framework requires a deeper understanding of wildlife trade systems. It recommends tailored interventions that align with local contexts and institutional settings. The new model moves away from a one-size-fits-all approach. It emphasizes the need for inclusive governance. Greater involvement from local communities, indigenous groups, and private actors is also highlighted.
Dr. Dan Challender, lead author of the study, argued that the current focus on law enforcement is insufficient. He emphasized the importance of exploring diverse conservation models that reduce reliance on under-resourced public agencies. By adopting a more nuanced and collaborative approach, CITES could better support the long-term sustainability of wildlife trade.
ENGAGING COMMUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION
The proposed framework emphasizes a key aspect. It involves the decentralization of land and use rights to local communities and indigenous peoples. This approach aims to include those closest to the species in conservation efforts. It makes them active participants in protecting wildlife. For example, in regions where pangolins are under threat, granting local communities the rights to manage and trade pangolins sustainably could reduce illegal activities. This method could also promote conservation efforts.
Professor E.J. Milner-Gulland, co-author of the study, emphasized the importance of moving away from blanket trade bans. The focus should instead be on evidence-based interventions. By understanding the unique needs of different species and regions, CITES could develop effective policies. These policies would also be legitimate to the local communities involved.
THE ROLE OF EVIDENCE AND COLLABORATION
The researchers also highlighted the importance of collecting relevant socio-economic, ecological, and cultural evidence. They emphasized analyzing this evidence in collaboration with local stakeholders. This approach would ensure that interventions are not only based on scientific data but also on the lived experiences and knowledge of those directly impacted by wildlife trade. By integrating diverse perspectives into decision-making, CITES can avoid unintended consequences and create more effective conservation strategies.
STRENGTHENING CITES FOR THE FUTURE
As CITES enters its 51st year, the proposed framework marks a significant change. It represents a shift in how the international community approaches wildlife conservation. There is also a transformation in perspectives on wildlife trade. CITES can better address the complexities of illegal wildlife trade. This is possible by focusing on tailored, community-driven solutions. A more inclusive governance model will also help its impact on biodiversity.
The researchers are working closely with CITES signatories and the Convention’s secretariat to ensure that the new framework meets the needs of all stakeholders involved. Their goal is to enhance existing efforts at the national level and at the international level. They aim to create a more sustainable future for the trade and conservation of endangered species.
