Travellers across the United States, United Kingdom, and Europe have been warned about a fatal condition known as invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). This alert follows cases detected in France, Norway, the US, and the UK among individuals who travelled to Saudi Arabia. This article will explore the dangers, symptoms, transmission, and prevention of this serious disease.
WHAT IS INVASIVE MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE?
Invasive meningococcal disease is a severe bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. This bacterium can lead to serious health issues like meningitis, an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord’s lining, and septicemia, a bloodstream infection.
IMD is a global concern. In Canada, it is most common during winter and spring, with about 200 cases reported annually.
SYMPTOMS OF INVASIVE MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE
The symptoms of invasive meningococcal disease typically appear between two to ten days after exposure, most commonly within three to four days. This condition is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention. Symptoms include:
- Sudden fever
- Drowsiness
- Irritability or fussiness
- Intense headache
- Vomiting
- Stiff neck
- A rapidly spreading skin rash that starts as reddish/purplish spots and doesn’t fade when pressed
In severe cases, hallucinations, coma, and death can occur if untreated.
If you develop symptoms of invasive meningococcal disease, seek medical attention immediately. Inform your healthcare provider about your symptoms and any recent travel to affected areas to prevent further spread of the infection.
TRANSMISSION AND RISK FACTORS
The Neisseria meningitidis bacterium can reside in the nose or throat without causing illness. However, it can become invasive, leading to serious health issues. The disease spreads through close, direct contact such as:
- Living in crowded conditions
- Kissing, coughing, or sneezing
- Sharing food, drinks, toothbrushes, mouth guards, cigarettes, or lipstick
- Sharing mouthed toys or musical instruments with mouthpieces
Antibiotics can help stop the bacteria from spreading within 24 hours of treatment.
RISKS
Healthy individuals can carry and transmit the meningococcal bacterium. If the bacterium invades the body, it can cause invasive meningococcal disease. Up to 10% of infected individuals may die, and survivors can suffer permanent disabilities such as:
- Deafness
- Brain damage
- Nervous system issues and seizures
- Limb amputation
Those at higher risk include:
- Children under five years old
- People living in crowded conditions
- Adolescents aged 15 to 18
- Travellers to areas where the disease is more common, such as the sub-Saharan African meningitis belt
- Individuals with specific genetic risk factors
- Those with another respiratory infection (e.g., influenza)
- Smokers
- Those with HIV infection
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent meningococcal disease. There are vaccines available for five different strains of the disease: A, B, C, Y, and W-135. These strains are responsible for the most deadly forms of the disease.
Invasive meningococcal disease poses a serious risk, particularly for travellers. Awareness, early detection, and vaccination are crucial in preventing the spread and fatal outcomes of this disease. Consult your healthcare provider about vaccination options, especially if you plan to travel to high-risk areas. Ensure you and your loved ones are protected against this life-threatening condition.
