Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in India affecting women aged 15 – 44. India has the highest incidence rate of cervical cancer in the world, accounting for nearly a quarter of the cases recorded globally. Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is the second most frequent cancer among women aged 15-44 in India. Adopting healthy lifestyle habits, one can lower the risks of developing cervical cancer.
One of the main causes of cervical cancer is infection from a common virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is closely associated with cervical cancer, with about 95 per cent of cases involving HPV. Long-term infection with certain types of HPV, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, can transform normal cervical cells into abnormal ones, leading to the development of cervical cancer.
However, besides this, one’s lifestyle plays a key role in the likelihood of developing cancer.
SYMPTOMS
Cervical cancer usually doesn’t cause any symptoms in the early stages. However, as the disease progresses, various signs and symptoms can occur.
These include:
1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding:
This can occur after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause. Abnormal vaginal bleeding is a common symptom. It may also present as heavier or longer menstrual bleeding than usual.
2. Pelvic or back pain:
Discomfort or pain in the pelvic region or back can occur, which may be noticeable during or after sexual intercourse.
3. Unusual vaginal discharge:
Changes in vaginal discharge, which might be watery, bloody, heavy, and have a foul odour, is a sign of cervical cancer.
4. Pain during intercourse:
Experiencing pain during sexual activity is another symptom that can be associated with cervical cancer.
5. Abdominal pain and fatigue:
Pain in the abdomen and a general feeling of tiredness may also be symptoms of cervical cancer. However, this may also be caused by various other conditions.
6. Swelling of the legs:
There may be swelling in the legs in cases of advanced cervical cancer which spreads to the local lymph nodes and blocks the drainage of lymph leading to swelling.
7. Pelvic or back pain:
Apart from pelvic pain, back pain may also be a sign of cervical cancer.
It’s important to note that these symptoms can be caused by conditions other than cervical cancer. However, if symptoms are persistent, one should consult a gynaecologist for evaluation.
Anyone with a cervix, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity is at a risk of cervical cancer.
WHO ARE AT RISK ?
Women aged 15-44 are at risk of cervical cancer.
Other key lifestyle factors that can raise the risk of developing cancer
1. Unsafe sexual practices:
Initiation of sexual activity at an early age, having multiple sexual partners increases the risk of exposure to HPV and other sexually transmitted infections, raising the likelihood of cervical cancer.
2. Smoking and tobacco consumption:
Smoking increases the chance of developing precancerous lesions of the cervix, known as dysplasia. The toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage the DNA in cervical cells, increasing the likelihood of cancerous growth.
3. Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections, including HPV.
A compromised immune system increases the risk of cervical cell damage.
4. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of cervical cancer, as excess body fat can lead to chronic inflammation, damaging cells and increasing the risk of cancer.
5. Physical inactivity: Lack of physical activity is linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. Exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces inflammation, lowering the risk of the disease.
Women who have had three or more full-term pregnancies are also at an increased risk of developing cervical cancer possibly due to increased exposure to HPV infection, hormonal changes during pregnancy making women more susceptible to HPV infection or weaker immune systems during pregnancy.
Further, having a diet low in natural foods like fruits and vegetables and consuming more junk or unhealthy food can also increase the risk.
Long-term use of oral contraceptives for more than five years has been associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer, especially in women with HPV. However, the risk decreases after stopping the contraceptives.
PREVENTION
Cervical cancer can be prevented by appropriate and timely administration of the HPV vaccination.
It is highly recommended to start the vaccine for girls as early as 10 years, well before potential exposure to the virus and can be given up to 45 years of age. There persists a lack of awareness about HPV vaccination, particularly in rural areas of India, despite its proven benefits.
-Few Other Tips for Prevention :
1. Avoid smoking:
Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for cervicalcancer. Quitting smoking can reduce the risk and improve overall health.
2. Maintain a healthy weight:
Obesity can increase the risk of cervical as well as other cancers. Regular physical activity and a balanced diet can help maintain a healthy weight.
3. Regular physical activity: Regular exercise boosts the immune system and helps maintain a healthy weight, both of which are important for reducing the risk of cervical cancer.
5. Moderate alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption may weaken the immune system. Limiting alcohol intake can also lower the risk of cervical cancer.
6. Safe sexual practices: Using condoms during sexual intercourse can reduce the risk of HPV infection. Limiting the number of sexual partners and avoiding early sexual activity can also decrease the likelihood of acquiring HPV.
7. Stress management: Chronic stress can weaken the immune system, making the body less capable of fighting HPV infections. Effective stress management techniques, such as meditation, exercise, and sufficient rest, are beneficial.
It’s important to remember that while these lifestyle choices can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer, regular check-ups remain important for early detection and effective management of risks.
FOODS TO HELP
1. Antioxidants, carotenoids, and flavonoids: Found in fruits and vegetables, these components help fight off HPV infections and prevent cervical cell changes.
2. Folate: Present in fruits and vegetables, it contributes to preventing the transformation of cervical cells into cancerous lesions.
3. Vitamins A, C, D, and E: Found in fruits and vegetables, these vitamins act as scavengers of free radicals, preventing DNA damage to cervical cells by HPV infection.
4. Limiting the consumption of red and processed meats while focusing on a diet rich in plant-based foods may contribute to cervicalcancer prevention.
Besides key lifestyle modifications, undergoing regular screening tests, such as Pap smears and HPV tests, are crucial for early detection and prevention of cervicalcancer. Vaccination against HPV, a common virus that can lead to cervicalcancer, is also recommended to reduce the risk of developing the disease.
It’s important to remember that while the above-mentioned factors can lessen the risk of developing cervicalcancer but cannot completely rule out the chances of developing the disease.
(the views and opinion expressed in this article are those of the author)
