Alzheimer’s disease, traditionally linked to neuron damage, may actually begin at the brain’s protective boundary, the blood-brain barrier. This emerging research shifts focus to brain border cells, offering fresh treatment possibilities. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain by regulating substances entering and exiting. It shields neurons from harmful agents while supporting brain health.
Researchers from the US and Germany used an advanced technique, MultiVINE-seq, to study gene activity in blood vessels and immune cells in brain tissue. They discovered many Alzheimer’s-related genetic risks act within these border cells, not neurons.
Genetic Variations in Vascular and Immune Cells Influence Disease Risk
Previous studies centered on protein-coding genes, but new findings reveal Alzheimer’s risk variants lie in non-coding DNA regions, says neuroscientist Andrew Yang, from the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease in California. These regulate gene expression in endothelial cells (which control brain access) and immune T cells.
Inflammatory responses at the brain’s borders may trigger or worsen Alzheimer’s, suggesting these vascular and immune cells are key players in disease onset and progression.
Implications for Broader Neurodegenerative Disorders
Alzheimer’s disease involves complex interactions between genetics, immune function, and environment. This research supports the growing understanding that immune dysfunction beyond neurons contributes to neurodegeneration.
Distinct genetic effects on brain border cells across various diseases indicate the potential for tailored therapies targeting specific cell types.
New Therapeutic and Preventive Directions
Targeting the blood-brain barrier offers promising drug development pathways, as these cells are more accessible than neurons deep inside the brain. Strengthening the barrier through lifestyle or medical interventions may reduce Alzheimer’s risk.
Scientists emphasize the importance of the brain’s vascular and immune systems in shaping disease progression and treatment response.
This study highlights the blood-brain barrier’s critical role in Alzheimer’s disease and opens avenues for novel treatments focusing on brain border cells. Protecting and repairing this barrier could revolutionize prevention and care strategies.