Obesity is a major health concern and people try to reduce their weight. How many have succeeded in this is the real question. In a major study related to obesity in European countries, the researchers found that over three-quarters of adults with obesity attempted to lose weight in the last year, but most have been unsuccessful.
“The survey results indicate that while the majority of adults with obesity are actively trying to reduce their weight, using a variety of strategies, most are unsuccessful,” says author Dr Marc Evans.
“This underscores the need for increased support and solutions for weight management. And while obesity’s impact on health is well known, our finding that a sizeable proportion of adults with obesity appear at elevated risk of hospitalisation or surgery due to multiple underlying illnesses, undoubtedly adds a sense of urgency to tackling Europe’s growing obesity epidemic.” Said Dr Marc Evans from University Hospital. Cardiff, UK, and Dr Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard, from Lane Clark & Peacock LLP, London, UK, and colleagues including from NOVO Nordisk.
The study is presented at this year’s European Congress on Obesity (ECO) in Maastricht, Netherlands (4-7 May).
METHOD
The researchers conducted the cross-sectional survey to collect data on demographic characteristics, comorbidities, treatments, healthcare use, weight loss strategies and weight change in the past year from adults (aged 18 years or older) with obesity(BMI 30 kg/m? or higher in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK. Data were collected between May and June 2021.
Respondents were asked about different methods they have used to lose weight, including commercial weight loss programmes, anti-obesity medications, calone-controlled or restricted diets, exercise, support from weight loss services, and digital health applications.
In total, 1,850 eligible individuals (average age 53 years, 52% female) with obesity who reported using primary or secondary healthcare services in the past 12 months were included in the analyses. Women who were pregnant were excluded. Over half (56%; 1,042) of participants had a BMI of 30 to 35 kg/m (obesity class I), more than quarter (27%; 496) had a BMI of 35 to <40 kg/m (obesity class II) and just under a fifth (17%;312) had a BMI of 40 to <70 kg/m2 (obesity class III).
LOSE WEIGHT IN THE PAST YEAR
The study found that 79 per cent of respondents reported attempting to lose weight in the past year; the proportion was similar across obesity classes (class 1, 75%; class II and III, 80%). The most common weight loss methods were calorie-controlled or restricted diets (72% of participants), exercise programs or courses (22%), and pharmaceutical treatments (12%). However, three-quarters of participants who attempted to lose weight within the past year, did not achieve a clinically meaningful weight loss defined as at least 5% of their body weight.
The degree of success varied greatly between weight loss strategies—with just under a third of respondents reporting clinically meaningful weight loss from using a weight loss service or taking a pharmaceutical treatment. However, a third of respondents also reported gaining weight (more than 5% their bodyweight) despite attempts at various weight loss strategies.
Notably, exercise and calorie-controlled or restricted diets were the least beneficial, with respect to achieving clinically meaningful weight loss with only around 20% of respondents achieving this level of weight loss using these approaches.
While weight loss surgery is currently considered the most effective approach to clinically significant weight reduction, very few respondents in the study had undergone any weight loss surgical procedures Among respondents from the UK, calorie controlled or restricted diets and exercise programmes or courses were the most common weight strategies (see table in notes to editors).
The researchers say that further research is needed to explore how successful individuals who lose weight are at maintaining this weight loss.
COMPLICATIONS
The researchers found that adults living with obesity faced a broad range of obesity-related complications (ORC), which tend to increase as obesity progresses, and which are associated with greater use of healthcare resources, In total, 476 (26%) reported having no ORCs, 526 (28%) reported one ORC, 362 (20%) had two ORCs, and 486 (26%) had three or more ORCs. The analyses also found increasing disease complications as obesity progresses: 23% of respondents with class I obesity reported three or more ORCs, compared to 26% with class II obesity, and 37% off those with class III obesity.
The most commonly reported ORCs were high blood pressure (39%), dyslipidaemia (high levels of cholesterol and/or other fats in the blood: 23%), type 2 diabetes (18%), and osteoarthritis (16%).
Over the previous year, similar proportions of individuals in obesity classes I, II, and III had been hospitalised (19%, 16% and 17%, respectively) or undergone a surgical procedure (18%, 18% and 16%). However, the analyses found that having at least one ORC was linked to increased health care resource use.
Those with multiple ORC (3 or more) twice as likely as those with none to be hospitalised in past year (13% vs 28%). Similarly, 14% of those without ORCs had undergone any surgical procedure, compared with 24% of those with three or more ORCs.
